Today, we live in a “stress society”. Chronic diseases and stress-related diseases are increasing along with the related disorders of the mind and body. The causes are not only organic (biological) factors such as viruses and tumors, but also “psychological and social factors,” which are becoming increasingly complex.
On the other hand, medical care has become increasingly specialized and segmented, and the reality is that “it is difficult to reach the appropriate department”. In medicine, which deals with increasingly complex diseases, it may be helpful to know the difference among Psychsomatic medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology.
Psychosomatic Medicine
Psychosomatic Medicine is mainly focuses on “psychosomatic disorders”. (The terms ‘psychosomatic disorders’ in the broadest sense and ‘psychosomatic diseases’ or ‘psychosomatic illness’ in the sense of specific illnesses are used.) Psychosomatic disorders are physical diseases that involve pathologies of psychosomatic correlations (mind-body correlations).
While “mental illnesses” are diseases with psychopathology, physical illnesses are diseases of the body, such as cardiovascular diseases like heart failure, respiratory diseases like asthma, and digestive diseases like stomach ulcers. In all of these areas, it is estimated that about 1/3 of them involve significant psychosocial factors. Simply put, physical symptoms related to stress and other psychosocial factors. If such a condition is suspected, psychosomatic medicine is appropriate.
Psychiatry
Psychiatry specializes in the above “mental illnesses” and is a specialty that deals with symptoms of the mind (psychiatric symptoms) and mental illnesses. Mental symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, and delusions. While physical illnesses have a physical pathology, many mental illnesses have a brain pathology, but there are cases in which there is no clear brain abnormality or in which a physical abnormality is the basis of the disease. As a rule, psychiatry is appropriate for mental symptoms, even if they are minor. Psychosomatic medicine is not the same as “mini-psychiatry” or “mild psychiatry”.
Neurology
Neurology deals with diseases of the cranial nervous system. It is “internal medicine that looks at diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles,” and is a department that deals with neurological diseases such as cerebrovascular disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and neuropathies. In this case, “nerves” are not “thick” or “nervous”, but actual “nerves” with substance that actually connect to muscles and other tissues and transmit signals. Neurological symptoms are different from the above-mentioned symptoms of the mind (psychiatric symptoms), and are symptoms due to motor disorders such as trembling hands, inability to move (paralysis), inability to walk or talk, and sensory disorders such as inability to see or hear.
How to distinguish
There seems to be some confusion between psychosomatic medicine and psychiatry Roughly speaking, if physical symptoms are the main symptoms, then internal medicine, if neurological symptoms are the main symptoms, then neurology. If these physical symptoms are related to psychosocial factors such as stress, or symptoms that span the mind and body, then psychosomatic medicine. If the symptoms are mainly mental symptoms, psychiatry is appropriate.
For example, if the main symptom is a stomachache, then internal medicine (gastroenterology) is the first choice. However, if an examination reveals no medical abnormalities and the problem is caused by stress at work, or if the physical symptoms are accompanied by mental symptoms such as depression, then psychosomatic medicine is the appropriate medical specialty. On the other hand, if depression or anxiety is the main concern, then psychiatry is the right choice.
Guidelines for which department to consult
Mainly physical symptoms, but no abnormality is found after examination, or the course of the disease seems to be related to stress, etc. ⇒ Psychosomatic Medicine
The main symptoms are mental symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, irritability, depression, and hallucinations. ⇒ Psychiatry
Abnormalities of nerves are suspected, such as strange body movements, shaking, leaning, lack of strength, etc. ⇒ Neurology
Physical and mental symptoms are equally present, and it is difficult to distinguish which is the main symptom. ⇒ Visit a psychosomatic medicine or internal medicine to rule out organic diseases.
I have recently experienced a strong feeling of stress and my physical condition has deteriorated since then, but this was not the case before. ⇒ Psychosomatic Medicine
There are many other cases and it depends on the circumstances of the facility. There are many times when you may be unsure of your choice. In such cases, we recommend that you call the medical institution first before making a wasted trip.
Note: The above guidelines are mainly based on the actual medical situation in Japan. The actual situation may differ from country to country or region to region.
Basic Concepts of Psychosomatic Medicine
The more essential aspect of psychosomatic medicine is how to view and approach disease.
“Psychosomatic medicine is a medicine that takes into consideration the relationship between the mind and body and the environment surrounding the person, without separating each element. It is Medical science that tries to look at the relationship between mind and body (mind-body correlation) in an integrated manner”.
The separate viewpoint of the elements is a very important view emphasized in Western medicine and is the basis for the development of today’s medicine. However, as mentioned at the beginning of this article, the number of chronic and complicated diseases has increased, and it is no longer possible to treat them successfully using only this viewpoint, and we are beginning to see its limitations. In contrast to Western medicine, Oriental medicine emphasizes “a holistic and integrated viewpoint” rather than separating elements. Japanese psychosomatic medicine is based on the Oriental viewpoint, but fuses the Eastern and Western views and approaches by “dividing the elements and then looking at their relationship as a whole”.
This approach can be applied not only to internal medicine but also to other departments such as otolaryngology and orthopedics. In such cases, the department would be called “psychosomatic otolaryngology” or “psychosomatic orthopedics,” but currently only “psychosomatic medicine” is recognized as a medical specialty by the Japanese insurance system. The Department of Psychosomatic Medicine also treats psychosomatic disorders in other departments in cooperation with specialized departments.
(Kanbara K, Psychosomatic Labo/ LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/column/distinction/, July 2021)
Psychosomatic Medicine is a medical science based on the basic concept of the relationship between mind and body. This relationship is very important in understanding psychosomatic medicine.
Mind-Body Correlation (Psychosomatic Correlation)
Human beings have a physical aspect (body) and a psychological aspect (mind). The body is the visible, material aspect of a person, and the mind is the invisible, immaterial aspect. No one knows what people are thinking in their minds. However, we try to get a glimpse of their mind through their words, actions, behaviors, and physical condition.
This “relationship between mind and body” is called “psychosomatic correlation”.
An example often used in psychosomatic medicine is the story of “lacquer (urushi) allergy. In a case where the patient was allergic to lacquer when passing under a lacquer tree, when the patient passed under a lacquer tree with the suggestion that the tree was not lacquer but another tree, the patient was not allergic even though the tree was not lacquer. However, when they passed under a non-varnish tree with the implication that it was a lacquer tree, they were allergic to lacquer even though it was not a lacquer tree (e.g., Ikemi, 1963).
The “placebo effect” of drugs is also well known today. In a review of 1082 placebo-controlled trials, the classic report found that 35% of placebo drugs actually had no effect (Beecher, JAMA, 1955).
In addition, neurogenic gastritis, which has long been common among the Japanese, is today referred to as functional dyspepsia. The stomach is one of the organs most susceptible to stress. When “stress” is combined with an increase in stomach acidity or a decrease in gastric motility, stomach acid stagnates, making gastritis and gastric ulcers more likely to occur.
Thus, the mind and body are more closely connected than we can imagine.
Mind and Body are One – David Bohm’s Parable
Our minds and bodies are always changing and are not fixed. To live is to change. Even if you were sad just a moment ago, you are already smiling. No state of mind lasts forever. The state of the body changes along with it.
The condition of the body is also changing from moment to moment. Yesterday’s physical condition is different from today’s, muscles tense and relax, the heart pounds faster and slows down, and the condition of the stomach and intestines changes rapidly. And when the body is in good condition, the mood also improves, and so on. Physical changes are accompanied by changes in the mind.
Human beings are a being whose mind and body are one, and this body (body) and mind (mind) cannot be separated. Since ancient times, it has been said “mind-body unity”.
David Bohm, an American physicist who also influenced philosophy and psychology, draws the following analogy between the mind-body relationship1).
“When a fish is swimming in a tank surrounded by four transparent walls, the reflection of the fish on the two sides at right angles to each other is the mind and body; the fish is the human entity.”
The shadows on the two walls are inseparable from each other: when one moves, the other moves. When the mind is tense, the muscles also tense, and when the mind is at ease, the body also relaxes. In this way, when the mind changes, the body changes, and when the body changes, the mind must also change.
Through this parable, Bohm states “Body and soul are not mutual influences, but rather unite to form a totality”.
Dealing with the mind and dealing with the body.
Medicine and medical science often deal with physical aspects, while psychology, as the name implies, deals with psychological aspects.
For example, if the medication improves the physical condition and reduces symptoms, psychological anxiety will decrease and become easier. Conversely, if the physical condition worsens and pain and other symptoms increase, psychological anxiety will increase and the patient may become fearful. This may lead to further worsening of symptoms.
Clinical psychology intervenes on the psychological level by providing psychological support. If psychological anxiety is reduced and ease is achieved, physical changes also occur, such as a slowing of the heartbeat and relaxation of muscle tension.
Thus, physical intervention will always result in psychological change, and psychological intervention will always result in physical change. In other words, “to treat the body is to treat the mind, and to treat the mind is to treat the body”. Therefore, it is important to approach the patient with the viewpoint that even if you are a psychological assistant who deals only with the mind, you are also (consequently) dealing with the body.
In psychosomatic medicine as well, we aim for an approach that does not separate the mind and the body, while keeping this perspective in mind. Even when using medicine, explaining the mechanism of action by saying, “This medicine has a … action,” will change the way it works. We treat this aspect therapeutically.
Looking at only one side of the mind and body can lead to an approach that drives only one wheel of the car, so a balanced perspective on both the mind and body is important.
(Kanbara K, LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/en/column/mindbody, July 2021)
References
Hayao Kawai, Psychotherapy and the Body, Iwanami Shoten, 2000.
The application of the “psychosomatic correlation” to the medical field = “Psychosomatic Medicine”.
“Psychosomatic Internal Medicine” is a department that practices the “psychosomatic medicine” in the field of internal medicine (this term is primarily used in Japanese medicine).
The Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine looks at illness not only from the physical aspect, but also from the psychological aspect, such as stress, and the social aspect, such as the family environment, while evaluating the relationship between the two.
Thus, “psychosomatic medicine” and “psychosomatic internal medicine” are differentiated according to whether they include only internal medicine or other areas such as dermatology and pediatrics, but hereafter the term “psychosomatic medicine” is used broadly and generally.
The main target of psychosomatic medicine is psychosomatic diseases.
Diseases related to psychological and social factors such as stress = “psychosomatic diseases”.
The definition of psychosomatic illness (in Japan) is as follows,
The term “psychosomatic disease” refers to a condition among physical diseases in which psychosocial factors are closely involved in the onset and course of the disease, and in which organic or functional impairment is observed. It excludes somatic symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders.
(Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine, 1991)
As the phrase “among physical diseases” suggests, psychosomatic disease is one of the physical diseases (not psychiatric diseases). As the saying goes, “illness begins with the mind,” any disease, large or small, has a psychosomatic correlation. For example, even the common cold can be made more susceptible and less easily cured by stress, as the immune system is weakened. Among these, psychosomatic diseases are those in which psychosocial factors play a greater role.
Organic and functional diseases
“Organic disorders” are disorders that cause physical (material) abnormalities, such as inflammation (bronchitis, etc.) and tumors (cancer, etc.). These are relatively easy to detect by X-ray or camera examinations.
“functional disorder” is one in which there is no organic abnormality, and therefore no abnormality is found on x-ray or camera examination, but the movement or function of the body is impaired.
For example, in the digestive tract, irritable bowel syndrome, in which there is no cancer or inflammation but abnormal bowel movement, which causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea, is a typical example of a functional disorder.
Both of these involve psychosocial factors, but the involvement of “functional impairment” is easier to understand because the condition changes from moment to moment in relation to stress and other factors.
It is important to note, however, that the association between psychosocial factors and disease is not always simple and linear, as in simply “the mind causes the disease.
Psychosomatic medicine focuses on the “relationship” between psychosocial factors such as stress and disease states, and takes a both physical and mental approach.
(Kanbara K, LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/en/column/psim/, Jan 2022)