タグ: 心療内科

  • 機能性ディスペプシア (Functional Dyspepsia: FD)

    機能性ディスペプシア (Functional Dyspepsia: FD) は、上部消化菅の機能的な障害1) によって引き起こされる疾患の一つです。胃潰瘍など器質的な異常がないにもかかわらず、腹痛、吐き気、食欲不振、胃もたれなど、胃や十二指腸に由来すると思われる症状が慢性的に続きます。 内視鏡検査などで明らかな器質的疾患が確認できない場合に診断されます。

    以前は「神経性胃炎」とか「胃神経症」などと呼ばれていましたが、機能性消化管障害(脳腸相関障害)の国際的な疾患分類(ROME Criteria)にしたがって、今日では 機能性ディスペプシア(機能性胃腸症, Functional Dyspepsia, FD) と呼ばれるようになっています。「機能性身体症候群」の中核疾患の一つでもあります。

    世界の中で日本人は、どちらかというと内向的・神経症的傾向があり、胃の機能的異常が多いとされています。調査にもよりますが、機能性ディスペプシアは日本の一般人口のおおよそ1-2割程度とされ、比較的ポピュラーな疾患といえるでしょう。

    尚、近年は胃の病変におけるピロリ菌(H. pylori)の重要性がわかってきており、ピロリ菌の有無は確認しておく必要があります2)

    機能性ディスペプシアは、症状の特徴や病態によって以下の2つに分類されています。
    ・食後愁訴症候群(PDS:postprandial distress syndrome):食後のもたれ感や早期飽満感を主症状とするもの。
    ・心窩部痛症候群(EPS:epigastric pain syndrome):心窩部痛や心窩部灼熱感を主症状とするもの。

    我々の研究グループの胃の内受容感覚についての研究3)によると、どちらかというと食後愁訴症候群の方が末梢性(胃の過敏性など)、心窩部痛症候群の方が中枢性(心理的要因や感覚過敏など)の機序が大きいと考えられています。

    典型的なケース

    50代の主婦Fさん(架空のケース)
    夫の糖尿病が悪化した3年前から、食後に心窩部(臍の上あたり)の痛みと不快感、胸やけ、倦怠感を自覚。食事は、朝はお腹がはった感じがしてあまり食べられず、昼は少し食べ、夕方になるとほぼ普通に食べられますが、何となく不快感は続いています。

    近医で胃カメラ検査を受けましたが、胃には異常が見られず、軽い逆流性食道炎と診断されました。医師からは生活指導と薬(胃酸分泌抑制薬)が処方され、一時的に症状は改善しました。

    しかし半年ほど前から再び心窩部の症状が現れ、食事量も減って、家事も以前ほどできなくなってきました。そこで再度受診したところ機能的な問題が大きいとされ、心療内科に紹介されました。心療内科で行われた問診・診察の所見や、短期検査入院での胃の機能検査などにより、機能性ディスペプシア(心身症)と診断されました。

    夫は家業を営み少々独善的傾向があり、Fさんはこの夫との生活において負担を抱えていました。表面上は夫に従っているものの、内心では不満を抱えています。ただ、もともと不満などを人に話すことは少なく、周囲からは「とてもいい人」と言われています。

    医師からは、胃酸分泌抑制薬に加えて胃の運動機能を改善する薬が処方され、食事や運動の記録をつけること、自律神経の安定を図る生活習慣の改善が勧められました。入院中は症状が軽快していましたが、退院後には再び心窩部不快感が生じるなど、症状の波が続いています。 

    心身医学の視点:機能的病態

    本ケースは、夫の糖尿病が悪化した3年前から、食後に心窩部の痛みや不快感、胸やけを訴え始めました。胃カメラで異常がみつからなかったことから、胃の潰瘍や癌などは否定されますが、食道に食道炎がみつかりました。

    胃酸を含む胃の内容物が、胃から食道に逆流することで食道に炎症が生じる疾患を「逆流性食道炎」といいます(左図)。

    逆流の要因として、胃の構造的問題、食べすぎ飲みすぎなどの食習慣や肥満などに加え、胃の機能的異常も関与します。このケースでは食べすぎなどはあまりなく、胃の動きの低下や胃酸の過分泌が疑われます。

    胃の動きは主に自律神経の副交感神経である「迷走神経」によって調整されており、ストレスなどの影響で迷走神経機能が低下すると、胃の運動機能が低下します。胃酸分泌には自律神経のほかに内分泌系(ホルモン)なども複雑に関与します。自律神経や内分泌系は、脳の視床下部や大脳辺縁系が調整しており、ストレスによってこれらの働きが乱れます。

    逆流性食道炎と診断されたことと、胃の検査結果や症状などを考え合わせると、慢性的なストレスによって胃の運動機能低下や胃酸の過分泌が生じやすい状況にあったと推察されます。胃の運動機能低下は、心窩部の不快感、食欲低下などに、胃酸の分泌増加は胸やけなどにつながります。

    胃酸分泌抑制薬や胃運動機能改善薬がこれらの機能的病態に有効ですが、それだけでは十分でなかったり、一時的に改善しても何らかのきっかけで繰り返してしまうケースがあります。このような場合は心身症としての評価や治療が重要で、本ケースでも「機能性ディスペプシア(心身症)」と診断されています。

    心身医学の視点:心理的背景

    本ケースの心理面では、夫の糖尿病の悪化が契機となったこと、退院後の増悪や夫への内心の不満などから、夫との関係性が鍵を握ると考えられます。糖尿病の食事療法をFさんが担うことでの負担が引き金になったことは容易に想像できます。

    一方、Fさんは不満を表出することが少なく、感情の気づきや表出が苦手な傾向(アレキシサイミア傾向)が伺えます。どちらかというと自身の感情を抑え込むような傾向は、迷走神経機能などを介して消化管などの機能に影響すると考えられています4)。このようなケースでは、自分がどのような感情をもっているかに気づくことがまず重要です。

    本ケースでは、比較的独善的な夫に「表面上従うことで適応しようとしている」とみることもできます。しかし、身体はうそをつけません。自身の感情に向き合わずに抑え込んでしまった結果、意識下の感情プロセスから機能的異常につながってしまったと考えられます。

    このような感情対処のクセに気づくだけでも、薬物療法がより効きやすくなり、症状の改善につながることがあります。このケースでは、薬物療法や入院での環境変化によって一時的に症状の改善がみられていますが、どういう機序で症状が(一時的でも)改善したのか、心身相関の気づきのきっかけにすることも重要といえるでしょう。

    まとめ

    この症例からわかるように、機能性ディスペプシアは身体の機能的病態に心理的なストレスが密接に関与します。心理的要因の直接的な関与のほかに、生活習慣という「行動」を介して関与するケースもあります。たとえば、過食・偏食・飲酒は習慣的な「行動」ですが、その背景には多くの場合、ストレス発散などの心理的要因があるのです(「行動」の背景には「心理」がある)。

    治療として、まずは消化管機能の改善や症状の緩和を目的とした薬物療法や、生活習慣の改善が重要です。心身症としての機能性ディスペプシアでは、その背景にある心理的因子(ストレス)の関与の理解、自己の感情に気づくこと、ストレス対処、自律神経のバランスを取るためのリラクセーションや、場合によってはバイオフィードバックなどが推奨されます。心と身体は密接に関連しており、心身両面からの心身医学的なアプローチが重要です。

    (Kanbara K, Psychosomatic Labo/ LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/functional-dyspepsia, May. 2025)


    1) 「器質的障害」と「機能的障害」

    • 器質的障害: 胃炎や気管支炎などの「炎症」や癌をはじめとする「腫瘍」など、物理的(物質的)に異常が捉えられる障害のこと。レントゲンやカメラなどの検査で検出できることが多い。
    • 機能的障害: 器質的な異常がなく、従って通常の医学的検査をしても異常が見つからないが、その動きや働き(機能)が障害されているもの。

    2) 一部のピロリ菌 (H. pylori) 陽性者においてはFD症状の改善にH. pylori除菌治療が有効で、除菌成功後半年~1年経過してFD症状が消失または改善している場合はH. pylori関連ディスペプシアとして厳密にはFDと区別される。

    3) Yoshida et al. BioPsychoSocial Medicine 17:35, 2023

    4) アレキサンダー 心身医学 (Alexander 著, 末松訳, 学樹書院 1997) などによる。


  • Psychosomatic Medicine, Psychiatry, Neurology Differences

    Today, we live in a “stress society”. Chronic diseases and stress-related diseases are increasing along with the related disorders of the mind and body. The causes are not only organic (biological) factors such as viruses and tumors, but also “psychological and social factors,” which are becoming increasingly complex.

    On the other hand, medical care has become increasingly specialized and segmented, and the reality is that “it is difficult to reach the appropriate department”. In medicine, which deals with increasingly complex diseases, it may be helpful to know the difference among Psychsomatic medicine, Psychiatry, and Neurology.

    Psychosomatic Medicine

    Psychosomatic Medicine is mainly focuses on “psychosomatic disorders”. (The terms ‘psychosomatic disorders’ in the broadest sense and ‘psychosomatic diseases’ or ‘psychosomatic illness’ in the sense of specific illnesses are used.)
    Psychosomatic disorders are physical diseases that involve pathologies of psychosomatic correlations (mind-body correlations).

    While “mental illnesses” are diseases with psychopathology, physical illnesses are diseases of the body, such as cardiovascular diseases like heart failure, respiratory diseases like asthma, and digestive diseases like stomach ulcers. In all of these areas, it is estimated that about 1/3 of them involve significant psychosocial factors.
    Simply put, physical symptoms related to stress and other psychosocial factors. If such a condition is suspected, psychosomatic medicine is appropriate.

    Psychiatry

    Psychiatry specializes in the above “mental illnesses” and is a specialty that deals with symptoms of the mind (psychiatric symptoms) and mental illnesses. Mental symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, irritability, hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, and delusions. While physical illnesses have a physical pathology, many mental illnesses have a brain pathology, but there are cases in which there is no clear brain abnormality or in which a physical abnormality is the basis of the disease.
    As a rule, psychiatry is appropriate for mental symptoms, even if they are minor. Psychosomatic medicine is not the same as “mini-psychiatry” or “mild psychiatry”.

    Neurology

    Neurology deals with diseases of the cranial nervous system. It is “internal medicine that looks at diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles,” and is a department that deals with neurological diseases such as cerebrovascular disorders, Parkinson’s disease, and neuropathies. In this case, “nerves” are not “thick” or “nervous”, but actual “nerves” with substance that actually connect to muscles and other tissues and transmit signals. Neurological symptoms are different from the above-mentioned symptoms of the mind (psychiatric symptoms), and are symptoms due to motor disorders such as trembling hands, inability to move (paralysis), inability to walk or talk, and sensory disorders such as inability to see or hear.

    コラム 心療内科・精神科・神経内科の違いアイキャッチ

    How to distinguish

    There seems to be some confusion between psychosomatic medicine and psychiatry
    Roughly speaking, if physical symptoms are the main symptoms, then internal medicine, if neurological symptoms are the main symptoms, then neurology. If these physical symptoms are related to psychosocial factors such as stress, or symptoms that span the mind and body, then psychosomatic medicine. If the symptoms are mainly mental symptoms, psychiatry is appropriate.

    For example, if the main symptom is a stomachache, then internal medicine (gastroenterology) is the first choice. However, if an examination reveals no medical abnormalities and the problem is caused by stress at work, or if the physical symptoms are accompanied by mental symptoms such as depression, then psychosomatic medicine is the appropriate medical specialty. On the other hand, if depression or anxiety is the main concern, then psychiatry is the right choice.

    Guidelines for which department to consult

    • Mainly physical symptoms, but no abnormality is found after examination, or the course of the disease seems to be related to stress, etc. ⇒ Psychosomatic Medicine
    • The main symptoms are mental symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, irritability, depression, and hallucinations. ⇒ Psychiatry
    • Abnormalities of nerves are suspected, such as strange body movements, shaking, leaning, lack of strength, etc. ⇒ Neurology
    • Physical and mental symptoms are equally present, and it is difficult to distinguish which is the main symptom. ⇒ Visit a psychosomatic medicine or internal medicine to rule out organic diseases.
    • I have recently experienced a strong feeling of stress and my physical condition has deteriorated since then, but this was not the case before. ⇒ Psychosomatic Medicine

    There are many other cases and it depends on the circumstances of the facility. There are many times when you may be unsure of your choice. In such cases, we recommend that you call the medical institution first before making a wasted trip.

    Note: The above guidelines are mainly based on the actual medical situation in Japan. The actual situation may differ from country to country or region to region.

    Basic Concepts of Psychosomatic Medicine

    The more essential aspect of psychosomatic medicine is how to view and approach disease.

    “Psychosomatic medicine is a medicine that takes into consideration the relationship between the mind and body and the environment surrounding the person, without separating each element. It is Medical science that tries to look at the relationship between mind and body (mind-body correlation) in an integrated manner”.

    The separate viewpoint of the elements is a very important view emphasized in Western medicine and is the basis for the development of today’s medicine. However, as mentioned at the beginning of this article, the number of chronic and complicated diseases has increased, and it is no longer possible to treat them successfully using only this viewpoint, and we are beginning to see its limitations. In contrast to Western medicine, Oriental medicine emphasizes “a holistic and integrated viewpoint” rather than separating elements. Japanese psychosomatic medicine is based on the Oriental viewpoint, but fuses the Eastern and Western views and approaches by “dividing the elements and then looking at their relationship as a whole”.

    This approach can be applied not only to internal medicine but also to other departments such as otolaryngology and orthopedics. In such cases, the department would be called “psychosomatic otolaryngology” or “psychosomatic orthopedics,” but currently only “psychosomatic medicine” is recognized as a medical specialty by the Japanese insurance system. The Department of Psychosomatic Medicine also treats psychosomatic disorders in other departments in cooperation with specialized departments.

    (Kanbara K, Psychosomatic Labo/ LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/column/distinction/, July 2021)

    Related Articles

  • Stress-Related Diseases and Functional Somatic Syndromes

    Due to changes in social and medical structures, the structure of diseases is also changing. Somatic symptoms persist, but no abnormalities are found in regular medical examinations, and medical approaches are difficult to be effective. Functional somatic diseases are one of the so-called “stress-related diseases”, but the characteristic is that there are problems with function (activity) rather than visible morphological abnormalities. Such diseases are called
    functional somatic syndrome (FSS).

    Functional Somatic Syndrome

    “Functional somatic syndrome refers to several related syndromes that are characterized more by symptoms, suffering, and disability than by disease-specific, demonstrable abnormalities of structure or function.”
    (Barsky, A. J. & Borus, J. F. , Ann Intern Med. 130, 1999)

    For example, you continue to suffer from stomach pain and heartburn, so you get tested at a hospital, but the gastroscopy shows “no abnormalities”. However, the symptoms persist, and although they improve somewhat with medication, they soon return. You are told everywhere you go that there is “no abnormality” or it’s “just in your mind”.

    This is the case where there are no organic abnormalities such as ulcers or gastritis, but there is a problem with the function (activity) of the stomach, causing symptoms similar to those of gastritis. For example, poor movement of the stomach causing a feeling of heaviness, or excessive secretion of gastric acid causing heartburn. This is called “functional dyspepsia”.

    Core Diseases

    Functional somatic syndrome is said to include the following “core diseases”.

    • Functional Dyspepsia
    • Irritable Bowel Syndrome
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

    In gastroenterology, cardiology, dermatology, gynecology, and other fields, there are certain proportions of such diseases.
    Of course, the specific symptoms and pathologies differ depending on the field, but there are common points in their characteristics and responses, such as large fluctuations due to stress and anxiety, and certain effects of antidepressants.

    Examples of Functional Somatic Syndrome in Various Fields

    Below are examples of functional somatic syndrome in various fields, as cited in the literature.

    Functional somatic syndromes by speciality

    • Gastroenterology: Irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia
    • Gynaecology: Premenstrual syndrome, chronic pelvic pain
    • Rheumatology: Fibromyalgia
    • Cardiology: Atypical or non-cardiac chest pain
    • Respiratory: Hyperventilation syndrome
    • Infectious diseases: Chronic (postviral) fatigue syndrome
    • Neurology:Tension headache
    • Dentistry: Temporomandibular joint dysfunction, atypical facial pain
    • Ear, nose, and throat: Globus syndrome
    • Allergy: Multiple chemical sensitivity
    (Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet. 1999 Sep 11;354(9182):936-9.)

    Characteristics and Issues of Functional Diseases

    In these diseases, subjective (self-aware) symptoms often do not match objective (medical) assessments, causing various problems. For example, undergoing unnecessary medical examinations, miscommunication with medical personnel, and stress from not being understood by those around you.

    Below are summarized the characteristics and issues.

    • Various secondary problems due to the “gap” between subjective bodily symptoms and disabilities and medical explanations, leading to chronicity and complexity of symptoms, confusion including surrounding systems, and a vicious cycle.
    • A pathological state is formed by the interaction of both physical factors (functional pathology) and psychological/social factors.
    • Although diagnostic names are given in various specialized areas, there are overlaps in symptoms and diagnostic criteria, and symptom migration, combining individual pathologies with common pathologies.
    • In physiological processes, abnormalities in autonomic nervous/thalamo-pituitary system functions, and stress response system functions are involved in the pathology.
    • Anxiety and depression are involved as psychological/social factors, but only partially.
      Other factors such as amplification of bodily sensations, lack of support from family and others, illness behavior, and stigma are involved.

    Given such characteristics and issues, more appropriate understanding and responses to the pathology are required.
    Therefore, we are examining psychosomatic evaluation and therapeutic methods for functional somatic syndrome and stress-related diseases from various angles.

  • What is Psychosomatic Internal Medicine ?

    “Psychosomatic internal medicine” is a medical specialty that practices psychosomatic medicine in the field of internal medicine.

    Psychosomatic Medicine and Clinical Departments

    The relationship between the mind and body is called the “psychosomatic correlation”.

    • The application of the “psychosomatic correlation” to the medical field = “Psychosomatic Medicine”.
    • “Psychosomatic Internal Medicine” is a department that practices the “psychosomatic medicine” in the field of internal medicine (this term is primarily used in Japanese medicine).

    The Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine looks at illness not only from the physical aspect, but also from the psychological aspect, such as stress, and the social aspect, such as the family environment, while evaluating the relationship between the two.


    Thus, “psychosomatic medicine” and “psychosomatic internal medicine” are differentiated according to whether they include only internal medicine or other areas such as dermatology and pediatrics, but hereafter the term “psychosomatic medicine” is used broadly and generally.

    The main target of psychosomatic medicine is psychosomatic diseases.

    Diseases related to psychological and social factors such as stress = “psychosomatic diseases”.

    The definition of psychosomatic illness (in Japan) is as follows,

    The term “psychosomatic disease” refers to a condition among physical diseases in which psychosocial factors are closely involved in the onset and course of the disease, and in which organic or functional impairment is observed. It excludes somatic symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders.

    (Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine, 1991)

    As the phrase “among physical diseases” suggests, psychosomatic disease is one of the physical diseases (not psychiatric diseases). As the saying goes, “illness begins with the mind,” any disease, large or small, has a psychosomatic correlation. For example, even the common cold can be made more susceptible and less easily cured by stress, as the immune system is weakened. Among these, psychosomatic diseases are those in which psychosocial factors play a greater role.

    Organic and functional diseases

    • “Organic disorders” are disorders that cause physical (material) abnormalities, such as inflammation (bronchitis, etc.) and tumors (cancer, etc.). These are relatively easy to detect by X-ray or camera examinations.
    • “functional disorder” is one in which there is no organic abnormality, and therefore no abnormality is found on x-ray or camera examination, but the movement or function of the body is impaired.

    For example, in the digestive tract, irritable bowel syndrome, in which there is no cancer or inflammation but abnormal bowel movement, which causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea, is a typical example of a functional disorder.

    Both of these involve psychosocial factors, but the involvement of “functional impairment” is easier to understand because the condition changes from moment to moment in relation to stress and other factors.

    It is important to note, however, that the association between psychosocial factors and disease is not always simple and linear, as in simply “the mind causes the disease.

    Psychosomatic medicine focuses on the “relationship” between psychosocial factors such as stress and disease states, and takes a both physical and mental approach.

    (Kanbara K, LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/en/column/psim/, Jan 2022)

    Related columns, literature, etc.
  • 27th Annual Academic Meeting of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine

    第27回 日本心療内科学会総会・学術大会 のご案内です。
    興味のある方は、ご参加ください。

    会 期:2023年12月9日(土)・10日(日)

    会 場:東京国際交流館プラザ平成

    会 長:河合 啓介(国立国際医療研究センター 国府台病院心療内科)

    テーマ:未来へ繋ぐ心療内科の叡智

    大会HPはこちらです。

  • Psychosomatic Disorders: Stress-Related Illnesses

    Among physical illnesses (diseases), those that are greatly ameliorated or aggravated by stress (psychosocial factors) are called psychosomatic disorders/psychosomatic disease/psychosomatic illness. [The terms ‘psychosomatic disorder’ are used in the broadest sense and ‘psychosomatic disease’ or ‘psychosomatic illness’ in the sense of specific illnesses.] Psychosomatic medicine approaches psychosomatic disorders by considering the relationship between the mind and the body.

    Definition of Psychosomatic Disorders

    The Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine (1991) defines it as follows,

    Among physical diseases, psychosocial factors are closely involved in the onset and course of the disease, and organic or functional disorders are recognized.

    Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine (1991)

    Take the condition “chronic gastritis”.
    Gastritis is now largely caused by H. pylori, but it can also be influenced by drugs such as aspirin. It is also influenced by diet, psychological factors such as worry and anxiety, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical constitution. Incontinent eating habits (overeating or drinking too much) can cause gastritis.

    In other words, psychosocial factors such as stress may play a major role in the onset and course of gastritis (circled in red on the right side of the figure), while others, such as H. pylori and drugs, may not be so relevant (circled on the left side of the figure).

    In cases that are largely related, the aspect of psychosomatic illness is significant, so in Japan, it is described as “chronic gastritis (psychosomatic disorders)” as an insurance injury or disease name, and can be treated as a psychosomatic disorders.

    Are All Diseases Psychosomatic?

    Since ancient times, it has been said that “sickness begins with the mind,” and any disease is affected to a greater or lesser extent by stress and other psychosocial influences. In other words, all diseases are psychosomatic.

    For example, a coronavirus infection can have a poor course due to a lowered immunity, or a mild illness if the immunity is high. This immunity is greatly affected by stress. However, infectious diseases are not often treated as psychosomatic disorders. If a psychosomatic aspect of the disease is present, but the degree of psychosomatic illness is small or has little clinical significance, it is not appropriate to treat it as a psychosomatic disorders.

    Changes in Disease Structure

    Since ancient times, there have been a variety of diseases, and a certain percentage of these diseases had psychosocial aspects, but with the increasing complexity of society and other factors, the percentage of diseases for which psychosocial aspects should be considered has increased.

    In developing and other countries where orthodox medicine is still a problem, the focus is still on public health and conventional approaches to disease. However, in highly complex societies, especially in developed countries, lifestyle and chronic diseases are on the rise, and the proportion of stress-related diseases is increasing every year. It can be said that as medical science has advanced and many diseases have become treatable, there has been a relative increase in complex diseases.

    In the midst of these changes in disease structure, psychosomatic medicine have become necessary to deal with the interactions between stress or psychosocial aspects of disease.

    (Kanbara K, Psychosomatic Labo/ LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/en/column/psychosomatic-disease/, April 2022)

  • For those considering seeing a psychosomatic physician in the Kagawa area

    香川県周辺においては、都市部ほどではありませんがいくつかの心療内科があります。
    当心身医学Laboに関連する心療内科外来は、松井病院で行っています。
    受診を希望される方はお問合せください。

    「心療内科・精神科・神経内科の違い」はこちらを参照ください。
    関連施設などのLINKはこちらです。

    ○日本心身医学会 心身医療専門医一覧

    ○日本心身医学会・日本心療内科学会合同 心療内科専門医一覧

  • 心療内科 と ストレス

    「ストレス社会」といわれ、現代の生活では ストレス は、切っても切りはなせないものとなっています。私たちの生活において、ストレスはどんな意味を持つのでしょうか。

    ストレス とは

    セリエらによると、生体における「ストレス」は、
    ・外界からの刺激=「ストレッサー」 
    ・刺激によって生じる生体の反応=「ストレス状態」

     に分けられます。
    図で球はストレッサー(ストレスの球)、ゴムボールは私たちの心身を表しています。ストレス状態とは、様々なストレッサーが加わった場合に生じる生体内の歪みを指します。球がゴムボールにあたってへこんだ状態です。

    通常は、この「ストレスの球でボールがへこむ」状態になっても、すぐに反応して、このへこんだ部分の修復が行われます。なので、私たちは一時的にはストレスによる影響を受けても、健康を維持することができます(図の斜め上矢印のルート)。元に戻す働きを支えるのは、「恒常性(ホメオスタシス)」と呼ばれる生理的な機能です。

    健康の維持か疾病への移行か

    ところが、この修復がうまくいかないと、へこんだままの状態になってしまうことがあります (図の斜め下矢印のルート) 。これがいろいろなストレス関連疾患の状態です。

    では、どんな場合にへこんだままになってしまうのか。
    主に3つくらいの場合が考えられます。

    1. ストレスがあまりに大きい場合(ライフイベントなど)
    2. 1つ1つは大きくないが継続的にかかり続ける場合(日常生活ストレスなど)
    3. ストレスからの回復力が小さい場合(レジリエンスの脆弱性など)

    1. ストレスが大きい (図ではストレスの球が大きい場合):
    災害やトラウマに至るような、大きなストレスにさらされた場合です。この場合は回復が遅れたり、困難になったりします。

    2. ストレスは大きくないが継続的する (図では小さいストレスの球が数多く当たり続ける場合):
    日常生活でのささいなストレスが、長期にわたって慢性的に継続するケースです。1つめと違って、ストレス負荷の自覚がないことも多く、その分対処が遅れたりして、徐々にボディブローがきいてくるように影響を受けてしまいます。

    3. 回復力が弱い (図ではゴムボールの回復力が弱い場合):
    ストレスが大きくもなく、継続的でなくても、回復力が弱いと病気になってしまうことがあります。同じストレスでも、回復して健康を維持できる人と、影響を受けて病気になってしまう人があるのは、この回復力の違いです。

    ストレスは「人生のスパイス」

    セリエによると「ストレスは人生のスパイス」とも言われます。

    必ずしも「ストレス」=「悪いもの」ではないのです。
    適度なスパイスは料理をよりよいものにしてくれるように、適度なストレスは、人生を味わい深いものにしてくれます。刺激のない環境では自殺率が高いというのもうなずけますね。

    ストレスによって病気になってしまうか、ストレスを人生のスパイスとするか、それは料理人である私たちの腕にかかっています。上記の1. ~ 3. のどの場合かによって対処方法も変わります。
    その特徴を踏まえ、適切に対処することが重要です。

    (Kanbara K, Psychosomatic Labo, https://bodythinking.net/column/stress, Aug. 2021)

    関連コラム・記事・研究
  • Psychosomatic Medicine and Stress

    Today’s our modern life, STRESS has become an inevitable part.
    What does stress mean in our lives?

    What is Stress?

    According to Selye, “stress” in the body can be divided into:
    – Stimuli from the external environment = “Stressor”
    – Physiological reactions caused by stimuli = “Stress state”

    Stress is represented as a red ball in the figure, and the rubber ball represents our mind and body. The stress state refers to the distortion within the body that occurs when various stressors are added. It is a state where the ball hits the rubber ball and causes it to indent.

    Normally, even when the “stress ball indents the ball”, the reaction occurs immediately, and repair of the indented area is performed. Therefore, even if we are temporarily affected by stress, we can maintain our health (route of the diagonal upward arrow in the figure). Physiological function called “homeostasis” supports the function of returning to the original state.

    Maintaining Health or Mooving on to Stress Disease

    However, if this repair does not go well, it may remain indented (route of the diagonal downward arrow in the figure). This is the state of various stress-related diseases.

    So, when does it remain indented? There are mainly three cases to consider.

    1. When stress is too great (such as major life events)
    2. When stress is not large individually but continues continuously (such as daily life stress, “daily hustless”)
    3. When resilience to stress is low (such as vulnerability of resilience)

    1. When stress is significant (the figure shows a large stress ball):
    This is the case when exposed to significant stressors such as disasters or trauma. In this case, recovery may be delayed or difficult.

    2. When stress is not significant individually but continues continuously (the figure shows many small stress balls continuously hitting):
    These are cases where minor stresses in daily life persist chronically over a long period. Unlike the first case, there is often no awareness of stress load, and as a result, coping may be delayed, gradually affecting the body.

    3. When resilience is weak (the figure shows weak resilience of the rubber ball):
    Even if stress is not significant or continuous, becoming ill may occur if resilience is weak. The difference in resilience determines whether a person can recover and maintain health or become ill due to stress.

    Stress as “The Spice of Life”

    According to Selye, stress is also called “the spice of life.”

    Stress is not necessarily “bad.”
    Just as moderate spices make dishes better, moderate stress makes life more flavorful. It is understandable that in environments without stimuli, suicide rates are high.

    Whether stress leads to illness or becomes the spice of life depends on our skills as chefs. The approach varies depending on which of the above cases 1-3 is present. It is important to deal with it appropriately based on its characteristics.

    (Kanbara K, LABs Psychosomatic Medicine, https://bodythinking.net/column/stress, Aug. 2021)

    Related Columns, Articles, and Research
  • 心療内科における バイオフィードバック

    バイオフィードバック とは、
     「バイオ」=からだの
     「フィードバック」=情報を返す
    という言葉の通り、からだの変化を生理的な方法でとらえ、それを目に見える形でフィードバックすることで、普段は気づかないからだの状態を知り、心身をよりよい状態に調整することを目指す方法です。

    からだは動的なものです

    「いま」のからだと「過去」(例えば1時間前)のからだとは違うし、「未来」(例えば1時間後)のからだはまた変化しています。
    心臓は常に鼓動を繰り返し、血液は常にからだの中を循環しています。そのために血管に脈が生じ、皮膚の温度は変化します。汗の量も体温を調整するために変動し、胃腸は蠕動運動を行い、筋肉は緊張と弛緩を繰り返しています。状況や心理的なストレスによって、これらの動きは大きく変化します。
    バイオフィードバックでは、このようなからだの変化をとらえやすい、下記のような生理的指標を用います。

    どんな指標を使うか

    具体的には、

    • 筋電図(肩こりや頭痛などに関係する、筋緊張をみる)
    • スキンコンダクタンス(情動の緊張、動揺や安定性、リラックスなどをみる)
    • 皮膚温(痛みやむくみに関係する、血液循環をとらえる)
    • 容積脈派(末梢血管の収縮・拡張から血液循環をとらえ、脈拍数をみる) 
    • 呼吸(こころとからだの接点である、呼吸のパターン・深さ・速さをみる) 
    • 心電図(血圧や動悸などに関係する、心臓のはたらきをみる)
    • 心拍変動(発汗、ほてり、ふらつき、腹痛、便秘などいろいろな症状に関係する自律神経の働きみる)

    などを用います。どれも衣服を着たままで、指先などにテープを貼るだけで簡単に計ることができ、痛くもかゆくもありません。

    ⇒ これらの説明については 「ストレスプロファイル・バイオフィードバックで用いられる精神生理学的指標」も参照ください。

    「こころとからだの対話」

    バイオフィードバックは、客観的な指標で確認しながら、心身を調整できるのが最大のメリットです。このダイナミックなプロセスによって、心身の調整を行い、心療内科では心身症の評価や治療に用いられます。スポーツにおけるピークパフォーマンス、健康増進や予防などにも応用されています。

    心療内科におけるバイオフィードバックで大事なことは、上記のプロセスを通して自分のからだの状態に気づくことです。自分のからだと対話し、「こころとからだの対話」を進めていくのです。

    バイオフィードバックは、からだの状態を客観的にとらえて、それを主観的な体験に戻す過程を含んでいます。主観的に体験されたものと、客観的に表示されたものが、まるで対話を行うようなイメージです。

    客観的に表示されたものは、セラピストとクライエントで共有することができます。このようなプロセスを通して、からだの声を聞き、こころの声に耳を傾けるのがバイオフィードバックです。

    バイオフィードバック説明図